Migration and Disease in Africa during European Imperialism Essay

The Relationship between Migration and Disease in Africa during European Imperialism During the era of European Imperialism, from approximately 1880 to 1930, an increasing number of Europeans began to colonize West Africa. Because of this colonization many African natives migrated eastward, inadvertently transporting diseases to which the East Africans were not immune (Ransford 76). This phenomenon can be explained through examining the implications of geographical isolation, the effects of large-scale migration, and alluding to a specific example of disease transference in Africa from the west to the east. Because of geographic isolation, human societies develop either genetic or cultural defenses against certain types of disease, an adaptation that keeps them free from major endemic devastation (Patterson 3). K. David Patterson, Associate Professor of History, describes the African environment as â€Å"extremely dangerous for outsiders† and goes on to say that Europeans â€Å"generally found Africa’s ‘fevers’ and ‘fluxes’ deadly until the beginning of tropical medicine in the late nineteenth century† (7). Similarly, once the geographic and cultural barriers between West and East Africa were broken down, they became extremely vulnerable to the other’s infectious diseases (Azevedo 121). Nevertheless, Europe had still not entered into the scene, maintaining the balanced east versus west arrangement. Fear of the diseases, unsavory climate, shallow rivers and impassible swamps all deterred Europe from colonizing Africa (Ransford, 8). However, beginning in the late nineteenth century, the deterrence was outweighed by the pressures of European Imperialism, and many Europeans fled to the African front. ... ...n Congo, specifically. It is extremely detailed in content, yet covers a variety of issues including imperialism, disease, climate, and indigenous tribes of the African Congo. http://www.rbm.who.int (Roll Back Malaria – WHO) A link that describes the malaria issues facing Africa currently. Malaria, along with sleeping sickness had a profound effect on the history of Africa during the Imperialist era. Specifically, this website advertises Roll Back Malaria which is an international mission to increase and hopefully help prevent future malaria epidemics. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/default.htm (CDC) This link goes to the Center for Disease Control and provides some basics about West and East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). It also includes a weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report (MMWR).

Poetry is often written as a result of reflecting on an intense emotional experience or a significant event

Q: Poetry is often written as a result of reflecting on an intense emotional experience or a significant event. Examine the techniques used by one poet to convey the significance of an experience or event which gave rise to a poem or a sequence of poems. â€Å"Daddy†is a very emotional poem by Sylvia Plath. She wrote it just before she committed suicide in the early 1960's. It is a very angry poem which is centred around Plath's relationship with her father, who died when she was much younger. Much of her anger and emotion arises from this event. Despite the fact that he has been dead for some time, it is still certain that she feels affected by it. The first verse of the poem creates the tone followed throughout, and helps to set the rest of the poem in context: â€Å"You do not do not do, you do not do Anymore, black shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo.† Here, the poet is stating that they have â€Å"†¦lived like a foot for thirty years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , a simile that is giving the sense that she has felt oppressed for her whole life, as living â€Å"like a foot† is a claustrophobic image, showing how she cannot break free of the â€Å"black shoe† which it is made apparent is representing her â€Å"daddy† figure. The opening line, â€Å"You do not do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is similar to how a parent would tell a child off, but the poet is reversing the role here, and so her anger at her father is shown straight away. The whole of the first verse is an extended metaphor, to convey the poet's anger at feeling trapped all of her life by the death of her father. The line â€Å"Barely daring to breathe of Achoo.† shows how this has given her a sense of claustrophobia, not being able to escape from a â€Å"black shoe† â€Å"black† appearing throughout the poem, giving connotations of evil, the poet exag gerates in order to express her feelings on her father, and her anger at his death. In verse two, she refers to him as â€Å"marble heavy, a bag full of God†, which represents how he has been weighing her down. The use of the word â€Å"God† is to give the sense that her father has been the all-powerful force in her life until now. â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you.† reveals the intent behind her writing the poem, to enable her to â€Å"purge† her father out of her life at last. For the poet, â€Å"Daddy† is a cathartic experience, and this is communicated to the reader because her anger is apparent in the accusing tone used, she's addressing the problems in her life and pointing the finger at him. She describes him here in the second verse as a â€Å"Ghastly statue† saying that there is something sinister about him, â€Å"statue† refers to how he has been immovable, ever-present in her life even after his death. The image of him described in verses two and three focuses on the scale of him. â€Å"One gray toe, big as a Frisco seal/And a head in the freakish Atlantic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – he is continental. It's almost as if he is too much, and the poet cannot handle the amount that she has built him up in her mind, so much that it almost takes over. But, not all of her fe elings towards her father are negative: â€Å"I used to pray to recover you, Ach, du.† The note of longing present here prevents the poem from simply becoming an angry rant, it's clear that she poet is conflicted on how to feel. The fact that she uses the German language also helps to emphasise how much he has impacted her life, as he was German-American. The tone of the poem is enhanced by the harsh, building rhythm, and the fricative language used. The rhythm builds into a sort of crescendo, and the language used contains a lot of words with an â€Å"oo† sound, similar to the word â€Å"you†, the accusation coming through, her anger at him showing. The repetition of certain words like â€Å"†¦wars,wars,wars†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦ich,ich,ich,ich†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦back, back, back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  add to the marching rhythm which drives the poem. By the time we get to the heart of this long rant of a poem the imagery relating to her father deliberately becomes confused with that of Nazi atrocities. Furthermore, sometimes Plath's attitude towards her father seems to be more suited to that of a lover; how for instance she sees him as the â€Å"†¦black man who/Bit my pretty red heart in two.† The experience of her father's death had led her to identify with victims of Nazism, which could be seen as particularly self-indulgent on her part, as the comparison seems to be out of balance. â€Å"An engine, an engine Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. I began to talk like a Jew. I think I may well be a Jew.† And similarly, her comparisons of her father to a Nazi: â€Å"I have always been scared of you, With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo And your neat mustache, And your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man Panzer-man, O You–† This dynamic she paints of her, the victim, and her father, the oppressor is clearly an exaggeration. Her father's death, however, has made her so angry at him that she sees it fit to draw such comparisons. Her experience of her father's death has forced her to identify with Jews, oppressed by Nazis, the way she has felt oppressed by her father for her whole life. But, this aspect of the poem is juxtaposed with the poet addressing her father in an intimate way, she describes him here as a â€Å"Panzer-man†, representing the glamour of the Second World War, a sort of figure of longing. She refers to father as â€Å"daddy† – â€Å"You stand at the blackboard, daddy/In the picture I have of you.† This emphasises how she has been unable to move on, he has never become a â€Å"father† to her, he is frozen in time as her â€Å"daddy†, although he is still a figure of authority to her. It is because of this inability to move on from the death of her father that she states she has â€Å"made a model† of him, in her husband, â€Å"A man in black with a Meinkampf look.† It's almost as if her husband has been a substitute for her father being absent in her life, and in the end, he does her no good either, she says he â€Å"drank my blood for a year.† referring to how he drained life from her, and in marrying a man that reminds her of her father, it did not offer a solution at all. The poem acts as a way of exorcising her father from her life, but she also refers to her husband in this aspect – â€Å"If I've killed one man I've killed two.†, the poem has been a stake through the heart of both her â€Å"daddy† figure and her husband, referenced to in the last verse (â€Å"There's a stake in your fat black heart† – the poem is the stake, it has killed him). By the end of the poem when she claims â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through.†, it can be interpreted in more than one way. The first, that she is through with her â€Å"daddy† that she has exorcised him from her life at last. But secondly, that it has been too much, that the burden has killed her – Sylvia Plath committed suicide soon after the poem was written. â€Å"Daddy† is full of emotion. It allows the poet to exorcise her father from her life, and so it is conflicted and features anger, love and the accusing tone highlights the poet's feelings towards her father, how she hates him for his death early in her life, but there are hints of longing throughout. The Nazi imagery used in the poem could be said to be self-indulgent of the poet, but it is perhaps justified in that she has carried the burden of mourning for her father for the majority of her life. The poet shows her father as an evil figure, so it is easy for the reader to sympathise with her, although it is important to remember that the image she paints of him is exaggerated and so the only â€Å"bad† thing he did was to die too early in Plath's life. And so, the poem could be interpreted as a rant at her dead father, but to the poet, he's been present in her mind throughout her life, and â€Å"Daddy† was how she was able to rid herself of him.

Why Did The Mexican Revolution Start - 1846 Words

The Mexican Revolution, Where they killed the country s longest serving president, 900,000 people lost their lives, and nearly every major revolutionary leader was assassinated. â€Å"Poor Mexico† so far from God and so close to the United States.† A quote from the long serving leader, Porfirio Dà ­az. Dà az served a record, seven terms as president of Mexico, resulting in a total of three and a half decades. How did Dà ­az serve such a long time? About 35 years to be exact. Well people say â€Å"Mexican president Porfirio Dà ­az is best known for establishing a strong centralized state during his term, but some say â€Å"Diaz reigned using a campigne of bullying, intimidating citizen into supporting him.† Also, people said â€Å"he was seen as a weak ruler who failed to deliver on land reform promises made to Mexican citizens.† Why did the Mexican revolution start? The Mexican revolution may have consisted of the longest serving serving president, but that is exactly what started the revolution in the first place and ending in almost every revolutionary leader being assassinated and 900,000 people being killed. during this long lasting revolution all started by Diaz. the long term president Diaz started off good as most people may say, but ended up causing a revolution because of his manipulative long service. the middle class was fed up and made a movement, in which started it all. The reason the middle class was to the point of revoult was because Diaz created a stable political system thatShow MoreRelatedThe Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America1497 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. 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Each and everyone one of them had an impact as revolutionistsRead MoreWhat Are The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America?889 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and is a perfect example on how the upper class becomes billionaires.Read MoreThe Feminist Movement Of Women Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesMiller’s work helped to shed light on the intersectionality of women’s movements, not everyone agreed on what changes feminism should bring or if it should exist at all in Mexican society. 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This Constitution was considered to be very liberal by the conservatives of Mexico. As a result, the War of ReformRead MoreMexican Revolution: Diaz ´s Administration and Beyond Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Diaz bought order throughout Mexico with a secret police force and arrest newspaper published while with censorship. It had push to modernization and industrialization helped by ideology of science and technocracy which it did have created byproducts of the revolution . There had been diet varied in different social classes shown families are struggling to make money to support them . The economy was working well in the first stage until the second stage failed which the wages fell and failedRead MoreEssay on The Death of Artemio Cruz1178 Words   |  5 Pageshistorical truth about the greedy capital seekers, robber barons, if you will, who after the revolution brought Mexico directly back to into the situation it was in before and during the Revolution. Fuentes wrote the novel in nineteen sixty-two, shortly after the Cuban Revolution. Fuentes is able to express his disappointment from the Mexican Revolution, the revolution by the people in his native land. The revolution seemed to change nothing for the average person in Mexico; the change that took placeRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery In Soul By Soul By Walter Johnson1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof slavery and the expansion of the Market Revolution. In the novel Soul by Soul, by Walter Johnson, the author exploits the effects of slavery on the people involved with slave trade in the south. It also shows the reader just how vital slavery is to the Market Revolution, and how the consumers culture, in turn, shaped personal identities. Both slavery and the Market Revolution shaped presidential campaigns, Supreme Court cases, and lead to the start of the Civil War. One of the most important

Rhetorical Reading - 1052 Words

Joshua Stonehocker Steven Gibson English 1010 046 March 28th, 2005 Rhetorical Reading Essay(Revision) Since they started pouring the concrete for the dam Lake Powell has been a center of controversy. From nature preservationists to ancient ruins advocates the subject has been heated and intense. On the other hand, those who support Lake Powell are just as avid and active in their defense of the reservoir. One of the former, Edward Abbey, sets forth his plea, hoping it does not fall upon deaf ears. Abbey attempts in his article to help the reader visualize Glen Canyon before it was dammed up. He uses a lot of pathos to help the reader feel the beauty of the previous Glen Canyon and the ugliness of the present. His article†¦show more content†¦Certainly it has a photogenic backdrop of buttes and mesas, projecting above the expansive surface of stagnant waters where the speedboats, houseboats and cabin cruisers play. But it is no longer a wilderness(146) Were we to reverse the order and take out the connotations, it would be a great statement supporting Lake Powell. Cer tainly it is no longer a wilderness, but it has a photogenic backdrop of buttes and mesas, projecting above the expansive surface of waters where the speedboats, houseboats and cabin cruisers play. One rhetorical strategy he uses fairly well is the omission of details. I will be the first to admit that the creating of any reservoir will kill any life that it floods out, which is obvious, but in this case I believe that the pros far outweigh the cons. Abbey used omission of details to make it seem that the reservoir had killed all wildlife in that area and desolated the environment, saying that after draining the dam, plant life will come back, [w]ith the renewal of plant life will come the insects, the birds, the lizards, and snakes, the mammals. However, Lake Powell is teeming with life. According to the Lake Powell website, it is home to over 170 species of birds, 800 different mammals and more that a dozen reptile species (Lake Powell). And anyone who has been there will ask, if there is a slight lack of insects, which I am not sureShow MoreRelatedEssay about Rhetorical Reading1040 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Reading Essay(Revision) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since they started pouring the concrete for the dam Lake Powell has been a center of controversy. From nature preservationists to ancient ruins advocates the subject has been heated and intense. On the other hand, those who support Lake Powell are just as avid and active in their defense of the reservoir. 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Dostoyevsky assembles Raskolnikov s strings through charactonym. Charactonym according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is â€Å"a name†¦ that suggests a distinctive trait of the character.† In Crime and Punishment, DostoyevskyRead MoreFocusing on the Unnecessary Details of Life Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagescherish the individual; in order to do so, the trivial details must be left alone. According to Thoreau, â€Å"After a night’s sleep the news is as indispensable as breakfast†¦And I am sure that I never read any memorable news in a newspaper.† Because reading or, in the modern era, watching the news has turned into a habit, many people have incorporated it into their daily routine along with eating breakfast. Habits are extremely hard to break. 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Summary On King s The Burial Of Thebes - 1215 Words

Paola Amezcua Mr. Serene and Mrs. Seveska World studies; Purple Block 27, October 2015 King Creon’s way to innocence When a king is put under rule he is the ruler of the city. But when his city is being overthrown he has to take immediate action to not only protect himself but his city too. When trying to protect your Kingdom you have to go through extreme measures to make sure the well being of your Kingdom is being protected and followed. Breaking the rule of natural law is almost the same as angering the gods. For â€Å" Natural law is a system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law† ( Natural Law). Positive law is relatively different from natural law. It is the accepted moral principle of â€Å"God’s law† ( â€Å"Positive Law†). The play â€Å"The burial of Thebes† explores natural law by revealing a king who tries to protect his kingdom from the attacks of his nephew Polyneices. Since Polyneices went against his own people, his own family, a kingdom that has been bui lt by his father/grandfather, he had no right to be buried especially in the land that he had attacked. King Creon then made a law which states, â€Å"Never grants traitors and subversives equal footing with loyal citizens but to honour patriots in life and death† (The Burial At Thebes- A Version Of Sophocles Antigone). Antigone knowing that the law was laid down she still went on and buried her brother without King CreonShow MoreRelatedSophocles Antigone By Sophocles1892 Words   |  8 Pagesman made law, and civil disobedience or a justifiable rebellion by Antigone, a fierce female heroine. †¢ Protagonist: Theban Princess Antigone, daughter of Jocasta and Oedipus, the King of Thebes best fits the description as the protagonist for defying Creon, her uncle who now rules in Oedipus’s stead and forbids the burial of her brother Polynices. The play centers not only on Antigone’s willingness to accept the consequences of her actions, but also on the assertiveness she demonstrates in doingRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesof the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Athens. Although the play itself was written in 441 B.C., the legend goes back to the foundationsRead MoreAntigone2454 Words   |  10 Pagesinvolved in the telling technique, telling the audience various pieces of information. The drama begins with Antigone inviting Ismene outside the palace doors to tell her privately: â€Å"What, hath not Creon destined our brothers, the one to honoured burial, the other to unburied shame?† Antigone’s offer to Ismene (â€Å"Wilt thou aid this hand to lift the dead?) is quickly rejected, so that Antigone must bury Polynices by herself. The protagonist, Antigone, is quickly developing into a rounded characterRead MoreThe Chorus Of Sophocles Antigone2400 Words   |  10 Pagescostumes in the play. Antigone and her sister decide to return to Thebes with the intention of helping their brothers (Eteocles and Polyneices) avoid a prophecy which predicts they will kill each other in a battle for the throne of Thebes (Samooh Theater 2014). Unfortunately for the brothers, the prophecy fulfills itself . Antigone returns home to find out that her brothers are dead. Her youngest brother Eteocles was given a proper burial but her eldest brother Polyneices was not. This was because CreonRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a definingRead MoreAnalysis of Erik, Phantom of the Opera Using Two Contrasting Personality Theories4920 Words   |  20 Pageseverything that had happened between them, Erik went to the Persian and told him the whole story, with the hand-written diary as proof. Erik died three weeks afterwards. Christine kept her promise and returned to the opera house, but before the burial, she slipped the gold ring Erik had given to her three weeks earlier onto his finger. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach to Erik’s Personality The core concept of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) is the significant

Commodification in Ilad Free Essays

The Theme of commodification in the Iliad is highly important in the Iliad. Homer was against the idea of making the as a commodity. Homer’s Iliad Is an excellent example of the suppressive role of women at this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Commodification in Ilad or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women were treated merely as property and were used for producing material within the household. They are depicted as being inferior to men both physically and intellectually. The Iliad began with an argument between Achilles and Agamemnon over Brises, who was considered a war prizeThey brought back the spoils and dMded them equally among the warriors. Agamemnon’s prize was Chryseis, the daughter of a riest of the god Apollo. Achilles’ reward was a maiden named Brisels. Both women were taken against their will. unfortunately for Agamemnon, Chryseis’ father begged for his daughter to be released and offered huge amounts of treasures as ransom. In return. Agamemnon took Brisels, Achilles prize, and that results a big disagreement between Agamemnon and Achilles. The example of Chrysels and Brisels was a critical reminder of what will become of the women of Troy should the Greeks succeed in taking Troy. Homer was successful in criticizing the social practices through this epic. Homer tried to shade a light on the mistreatment of women. He believes that any relationship between man and women out of the marriage is wrong. The relation between male and female in this epic Is a relation of maters and slave or a lover and a mistress. Homer was against the sub-human classification of women. Throughout the Iliad, women play a modest but important role that embodies their relative significance and the Impact they have on the affairs that take place. Their role is depicted wisely by homer in order to show the maltreatment of women. Homer was against using women as material objects and the Iliad represent a strong protest against this commodification of women. ton How to cite Commodification in Ilad, Papers

Scene illustrates perfectly Essay Example For Students

Scene illustrates perfectly Essay Mr. Sugden is a physical education teacher at the secondary modern school. Sugden is a bully and again Barry Hines has highlighted the teachers personality with his name, this time employing rhyme as his assistant, as Sugden is a thug. Billy dislikes physical education and does not have the proper kit, since his mother either doesnt want to buy him one or cannot buy him one (the latter seems more believable as Mrs. Casper squanders most of her money on luxuries for herself such as cigarettes and alcohol). Instead of discreetly giving Billy a kit to wear, Sugden chooses to mock him in front of his classmates. Sugdens verbal bullying brings out the negative aspects of Billys personality as the way in which Billy is treated provokes him to answer back and be cheeky. Not only does Sugden have an inferior attitude towards his pupils as well as verbally bullying his pupils but as a big man he does not hesitate to physically abuse them too. He hit Billy twice with the ball, holding it between both hands as though he was murdering him with a boulder. Mr. Sugden bounced the ball on Billys head compressing his neck into his shoulders. His attitude is immature and shows no sportsmanship or fairness, two lessons which should always be reinforced in physical education lessons. His role as adjudicator is one that he does not deserve as he is too juvenile to cooperate fairly. Mr. Sugdens appearance is neat and tidy though; during the football scene Sugden is dressed in a violet tracksuit. To be able to analyse and understand Sugden, we need to see him at his absolute worst, which the football scene illustrates perfectly. Sugden believes he has authority in the changing rooms and also on the football pitch and therefore is very aggressive throughout the football scene Slack work lad, slack work. Sugdens frustration is pushed to the limit when a dog appears on the pitch. If Mr. Sugden had a gun, Mr. Wolf would have been dead in no time. At this time, Billy once again proves that his connections to animals and nature in general are very strong. The teacher thinks he is the only important person in the lesson and Hines has successfully created this image by using the bracket technique; Hines incorporates brackets to the different roles Sugden plays to inform the reader what part he is playing at a particular moment in the match Sugden (commentator) and also to demonstrate the importance and amount of control Sugden has on the game. His negative attitude has a clear affect on the boys, who leave the lesson cold and uninspired. Mr. Sugden uses formal English although occasionally he may slip up and use local dialect. Barry Hines uses Standard and Non-Standard English in his novel. A Kestrel For A Knaves main characters are from Yorkshire and have very recognisable accents. If Hines were to use Standard English throughout the book, we would not see a complete picture of the characters. Billy uses his local dialect all the time as he simply has not been taught Standard English since everyone around Billy, his friends, family and neighbours use the local dialect so Billy has never experienced Standard English enough to pick it up. The title Hard Times makes it seem believable that Dickens is writing honestly about a time that has harsh methods of education. Charles Dickens possibly attended a school like the one in Hard Times so he may aim to make the problems obvious to people who otherwise could fail to notice societys difficulties. Barry Hines also writes truthfully regarding the education system in his era and I think he also aims to highlight the errors of the organization that controls what schools teach their pupils. However Barry Hines writes more realistically as the book is more recent and therefore easier to relate to. Both authors present systems, which now seem very wrong but at the time they were thought of as acceptable. Both books probably contain memories of the authors school days and particularly in A Kestrel for a Knave the scenes seem very believable. Neither system would be justifiable now but in their time the schools teaching methods seemed fair and acceptable to those involved. Using 'A birthday' and 'Rememeber', show how the theme of love effects ones emotions Essaybut I am sure that you know that the whole social system is a question of self interestI was brought up in that catechism when I was very young, Sir, as you are aware.  This proves that he is completely self-concerned, and all sign of feeling and compassion has ebbed due to the Gradgrinds education system which does have an element of irony in it as it is Gradgrind who is begging him to break his own rules. Mr. Gradgrind then offers him a princely sum to try and make him change his mind, and Bitzer even goes as far as to make complicated calculations to see which will make him the most money in the end, therefore declining Gradgrinds offer. He declares that  I was made in the cheapest market, and have to dispose of myself of in the dearest. The fact that Bitzer does not have any grasp of loyalty, compassion, pity, or charity means that Tom is condemned.  The ending of Kes seems slightly abrupt, considering that most mention of Billy with Kes in the book was drawn out with extended language. This is probably to show how Kes has been ripped from Billys life so cruelly, which is reflected in the short, emotionless language used to describe the burial. The ending is left rather ambiguously; we are not sure what path Billys life will take. But by this Hines may have been implying that due to Kes, there is a different path he can take now, Billy has the choice to make something of his life. The childrens lives are followed in the two books, and are portrayed as victims of their individual systems. The consequences of this are shown both to be negative; in A Kestrel for a Knave young Billy Caspers life is an awful one, and in Hard Times when they reach adulthood they are unable to function properly as adults. Therefore, both systems can be seen as failures. Gradgrinds system appears to dehumanise the pupils and individualism is not encouraged. A pupil who is seen to be a success of Gradgrinds school would have been brainwashed, completely empty of personality but full of information in the form of facts that do not properly prepare the children for the life that they are to lead. I believe that Mr. Gryces method is the system that has prepared the children best for the life they are to lead, as they are more able to cope with the problems that they will encounter. As seen in Hard Times, Gradgrinds class simply cant cope with emotional pressures and so collapse under the strain as Tom did when he chose to steal from his father. Billy, Sissy and most children from his background began life through no fault of their own with a huge handicap. The children have little chance of improving their situation and are therefore all destined to lead relatively uncomfortable lives. Barry Hines and Charles Dickens attempt to expose this social deprivation at many stages in their books. From this we learn that Hines and Dickens have a strong bias towards Billy, Sissy and all similar children in general. Perhaps each author wishes to blame the childrens futile existence on the wealthier citizens the Upper Class. Whether or not the authors intended to, both Hard Times and A Kestrel For A Knave gave credence to what the adolescence of England was being taught at that time.